Treating childhood traumatic grief: A pilot study. [5] original scoring instructions. Psychological Assessment, 17(1), 110-114. 2020 Sep 23;63(1):e91. Alexithymia and dissociative tendencies in an adolescent sample from Eastern Turkey. (2002). Effectiveness of Beck Depression Inventory-II subscales in screening for major depressive disorders in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. There are many resources available to help you. Use of the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory for screening depression in primary care. The BDI can be used, but is not limited to, persons with stroke. Author. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 568-580. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 59(2), 127-134. Studies of adolescent inpatients, generally aged 12-17, report good internal consistency, alpha>.90 for the total scale and >.80 for subscales (Krefetz, Steer, Gulab & Beck, 2002; Kumar et al., 2002; Osman et al., 2004), and validity. The first revision occurred in 1979, also popularized as BDI-I A, differs from the . For instance, there are two responses under the Mood heading that score a 2: (2a) I am blue or sad all the time and I cant snap out of it and (2b) I am so sad or unhappy that it is very painful. BDI-II assesses presence and intensity of mood symptoms. Confirmatory factor analyses with adolescent psychiatric inpatients (Osman et al., 2004) identified a 2-factor solution as the most parsimonious and interpretable. Although the psychometric properties of the scale have been well established through many studies worldwide, so far there is no study examining the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Republic Dominican. The test-retest and internal consistency data have been replicated in numerous studies, including adults and adolescents, with similar findings. Interpretation is based on raw scores only. The BDI was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and released in 1961. Read our. Next, internal structure of the BDI-II was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) through AMOS v20 [46]. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. Steer, R.A., Clark, D.A., Beck, A.T., & Ranieri, W.F. here. According to the World Health Organization [3] depression is the leading cause of years lived with disability (YLD), and the most prevalent disorder among serious psychiatric disorders in primary care setting. Leigh & Tolbert (2001) examined the reliability of the BDI-II with deaf college students and found good internal consistency (alpha=.88), split-half reliability (.76), and one-week test-retest reliability (.77). Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. This depression inventory can be self-scored. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(3), 381-385. lack of information when it comes to applying the test to other medias. Therefore, future research should provide additional evidence of BDI-II validity to a more substantial degree. 1996). Sayar, K., Kose, S., Grabe, H.J., & Murat, T. (2005). Its content validity is ensured because most of its items are equivalent to the DSM-IV criteria for depression. Hopefully, this study will help to change this situation. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. Kumar, G., Steer, R.A., Teitelman, K.B., & Villacis, L. (2002). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Items receiving low Relevance ratings included item 3 (Past Failure), item 6 (Punishment Feelings), and item 21 (Loss of Interest in Sex). Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26(4), 446-462. For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. It can be used to screen for depression and monitor the course of treatment. No, Is the Subject Area "Factor analysis" applicable to this article? Keep track of your depression. Use of scoring code is granted under CC BY-SA 4.0 permissions. The authors suggested that the measures assess different underlying aspects of the construct of depression, with the CES-D assessing more of an affective component and the BDI assessing more of a cognitive component. 2016;28(11):1354-1367. doi:10.1037/pas0000275, Dere J, Watters CA, Yu SC, Bagby RM, Ryder AG, Harkness KL. Beck Depression Inventory-II. Relationships between the underlying constructs of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(2), 319-335. Bifactor models, in contrast, allow to examine a non-hierarchical general factor independently of the specific factors and to simultaneously test the extent to which the common variance between items are explained by the orthogonal general factor and by the specific factors that are tested [32]. Despite there is some evidence suggesting that such bias is negligible [36] future investigation addressing this issue is warranted. Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). In particular, Model 1 assumes depression as a unitary construct and, therefore, all BDI-II items were allowed to load into a single factor (Depression) [20]; Model 2 tested a two-factor model represented by cognitive-affective and somatic factors [45]; Model 3 tested the original two-factor model identified by Beck et al. The Five to ten minutes is necessary for completing the test. Feelings like guilt, loneliness, and fear can make a serious impact on a person's ability to feel hopeful and happy. (2002). This site was built using the UW Theme | Privacy Notice | 2023 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Measurement invariance is a prerequisite for considering the BDI equivalent across versions, and for using it to make valid . Legal Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition and Criminological Psychology, 7, 187-201. Psychological Assessment, 10, 83-89. . If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. Background: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and good performance as a screening measure in different contexts and languages. The test has its advantages and disadvantages. The factors were identified as Cognitive and Somatic and were similar for boys and girls. For the BDI-II, a score of 10 to 18 indicates mild depression, and 30 or above indicates severe depression. Indeed, Hunt et al [63] demonstrated that subjects who administered a manipulated version of BDI-II in which the purpose was disguised and the content was padded with items that not tap depression symptoms, scored significantly higher than subjects who completed the original scale. Therefore, a pilot study was first conducted to ensure that participants correctly understood the content of BDI-II items. prezi.com. Among women who have experienced intimate partner violence, those with comorbid PTSD and Major Depression show higher levels of symptomatology on the BDI-II than those with PTSD alone and those with no PTSD or Major Depression (Nixon, Resick, Nishith, 2004). Yes There are multiple studies examining the reliability and validity of the BDI-II with other cultural groups). Project administration, * E-mail: zgarcia@pucmm.edu.do, zoiloegarcia@gmail.com. Introduction to the Beck Depression Inventory II. For example, Byrne et al. An exploration of comorbid depression among female victims of intimate partner violence with posttraumatic stress disorder. According to Steer et al. For the purpose of providing validity evidence with external variables, the BDI-II scores of the general population (N = 797) and the hospital population (N = 243) were compared, using Student's t-tests with Holm-Bonferroni correction (Table 3). Given the large number of published studies using the BDI, we focused our efforts on the core psychometric studies and those conducted with adolescents and trauma-exposed populations. In this case, a stepwise procedure is used where each p-value is compared with /(ni + 1) for rejection. Several versions of the BDI tool exist. The test-retest reliability of the BDI-II ranged from 0.73 to 0.92, which means that the scores are consistent over time. Sprinkle et al. including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Pittsburgh Sleep . However, 30% of bilingual participants would be placed in a different depressive category depending on whether their Spanish or English scores are used. PLoS ONE 13(6): Factor analysis of the BDI-II has generally identified a 2-factor structure in adult outpatient and non-clinical samples, measuring cognitive-affective and somatic depressive symptoms (Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg, 1998; Storch, Roberti, & Roth, 2004). Its development marked a shift among health care professionals, who had until then viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the patients own thoughts. A PsychInfo search of Beck Depression Inventory or BDI AND trauma yielded 681 peer-reviewed journal articles (6/05). More importantly, the detection and treatment of depression have become a matter of high priority in low and middle-income countries [43] such as Dominican Republic, despite psychometrically validated measures are currently lacking. (1998). It is worth noting that the BDI-II is not only extensively applied for research purposes but also in clinical practice, being the third test most used among Spanish professionals [7]. The inventory is composed of items relating to depressive symptoms such as: Hopelessness and irritability. In this study we are using the Spanish version of Beck Depression Inventory-II [44], which has an excellent reliability coefficient of .92. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 6(2), 67-74. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-II), created by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the severity of depression. This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. In 1996, the BDI was revised to include additional items and to reflect changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 29-42. To sum up, the CFA results indicate that depression as measured by BDI-II can be conceptualized by cognitive, affective and somatic symptoms, and these symptoms may vary significantly depending on the severity of the depression (i.e., the depression general factor). The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Bleiberg, K.L., & Markowitz, J.C. (2005). Results are summarized in Table 2. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Affiliation Background: There have been several developments in research on emotional disorders in people with intellectual disability (ID). 0 I am not particularly discouraged about the future. Psychol Assess. Depression stands out not only for its high prevalence, but also due to the probability of associated relapse and recurrence. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator of the severity of depression, but not as a diagnostic tool, and numerous studies provide evidence for its reliability and validity across different populations and cultural groups. Its development marked a shift among health care professionals, who had until then viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted Universidad Arturo Michelena, Valencia, Venezuela, Affiliations Description. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.s001. Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Small Ways to Feel Better When You're Depressed, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen (BDI-FS), Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Neurovegetative symptom subtypes in young people with major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates, Trends in (not) using scales in major depression: A categorization and clinical orientation, A comparison of self-report and clinical diagnostic interviews for depression: diagnostic interview schedule and schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry in the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up, Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors, Measuring depression over time . Hierarchical models are represented by a group of strategies that examine the plausibility of a general factor as a higher-order structure to explain the variance of the dimensions. Crossref. If you are looking for a quick and easy way to take the Beck Depression Inventory or if you are a doctor looking to give it to your patients, there are a few versions available: It is important to note that the official BDI is copyrighted and available on Pearson's website. Aaron T. Beck, M.D. (2002) analyzed data from a sample of university students and reported that a cutoff score of 16 for mild depression would yield a sensitivity rate of 71% and a false positive rate of 21%. 808 certified writers online. [13] compared a unidimensional model, three alternative two-factor models and three bifactor models including an independent general depression factor and specific factors. Scores on BDI-II discriminated between clinical and general population, supporting for external validity. Leigh, I.W., & Anthony-Tolbert, S. (2001). (1998) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with adolescent outpatients and found good internal consistency. No, Is the Subject Area "Primary care" applicable to this article? As such, it would be valuable to test the invariance measurement of the BDI-II factor structure found in this study across different samples in order to examine the robustness of the affective component as a single and differentiated domain of depression. Screening for depression in patients with medical hospitalization. Transl Psychiatry. The original BDI, first published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last week. 1. There are different versions of the BDI: the original BDI which was published in 1961 and then revised in 1971 (BDI-1A), and the BDI-II which was published in 1961 (Wikipedia, 2007). For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click 0 I do not feel sad. You need to invest in your inventory. The comparison continues in a sequential increasing order (from i-1 and proceeding in order) until the first nonrejection. Roles So far, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) has become one of the most widely used measures to assess depressive symptoms and their severity in adolescents and adults [4]. Osman, A., Kopper, B.A., Guttierez, P.M., Barrios, F., & Bagge, C.L. Thus, in contrast to different authors who advocate the use of BDI-II total scores and questioned the validity of subscales [13,34], the present findings support the use of the BDI-II total score along with scores corresponding to each subscale, in agreement with Beck et al. (2005). http://www.who.int/mental_health/dominican_republic_who_aims_spanish.pdf. Therefore, there is certain degree of uncertainty whether the BDI-II can be viewed as uni- or multidimensional and, in the latter case, the exactly number of factors. Pearson Assessments. This version of the inventory consists of 21 items, in which four response options are presented on a scale of 0 to 3. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(10), 1225-1233. A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Depression is a common condition affecting people of all ages and races [], with high prevalence among youngsters in Latin America [2-4].Early onset depression is of interest because of the need to identify early cases of depression and potentially prevent or reduce consequences later in life [5, 6].Between 20% to 33% of those who meet criteria for the diagnosis of lifetime major depression . Affective Negative Reinforcement in Addiction, Mechanisms for Intoxicated Emotion and Behavior. Silver, S.M., Rogers, S., Knipe, J., & Colelli, G. (2005). No, Is the Subject Area "Cross-cultural studies" applicable to this article? This is particularly important in Republic Dominican as mental health at primary care centers is underdeveloped [56]. The Beck Depression Inventory-IA was a revision of the first tool developed by Beck in the 1970s and protected in 1978. 2011;63 Suppl 11:S454-S466. The authors claimed that only two of the first-order factors, Cognitive and Somatic-Affective, were generalizable. (2004). The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). However, findings show that the bifactor model consisting of a general depression factor and three specific factors including cognitive, affective and somatic provided the best fit to data (see Fig 1), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.g001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t002. National Helpline Database 2005 ) psychological Assessment, 17 ( 1 ) for rejection first revision occurred 1979!, 187-201 of Behavioral Sciences, 26 ( 4 ), 127-134 I.W., & Anthony-Tolbert, S. 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